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Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-7) with complete text of Robert Fisk Article |
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by David Green
Email: davegreen48 (nospam) yahoo.com (verified) |
05 May 2005
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The Daily Illini has in the past week published two letters from Turkish students denying the Armenian genocide, which were in response to a news story covering the 90th anniversary of the genocide. They have since published three letters in protest of this denial. Below are the news story and subsequent letters, as well as supporting documents. The denial of the Armenian genocide by Turkey has been supported by the U.S. and Israeli governments. Elie Wiesel, after following the Turkish/Israeli/U.S. party line in the 1980s, has recently signed a letter in support of recognition of the genocide. But as the most recent DI letter states, one can only imagine the response if letters denying the Nazi holocaust were printed by the DI. So far, there is silence from the leaders of the local Jewish community. This silence is consistent with the cynical manner in which the Nazi holocaust has been manipulated in the service of American and Israeli power. |
The Daily Illini - News
Issue: 4/25/05
Campus remembers Armenian genocide
By Gina Siemplenski
The Armenian Association (ArmA) held a candlelight vigil on the Quad Sunday night to remember the 90th anniversary of the Armenian genocide by the Turkish military.
About 20 attendants remembered the annihilation of 1.5 million Armenians in Ottoman Turkey and the deportation of almost the entire Armenian population from its ancestral lands in the Asia Minor that began on April 24, 1915.
Selected readings, poetry and prayers were read in addition to a 90-second moment of silence. A song called "Krunk" was also played on a violin by ArmA treasurer and business major Lauren Buchakjian. The song was composed by a victim of the genocide.
Zaruhi Sahakyan, president of ArmA, said there were two purposes for the ceremony.
"First, we want to remember those innocent victims in 1915 and the years after. Second, if we do not learn from the past then we are doomed to repeat it," Sahakyan said.
Controversy continues to surround the mass killings. While virtually everyone acknowledges that the massacre happened, Turkey disputes that it was planned and carried out by the state - thus the label "genocide" does not apply, it says.
"The evidence is absolutely overwhelming and not just in the American archives," said Robert Krikorian, professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
However, more and more countries, regions and cities recognize the Armenian genocide, Sahakyan said.
"This is an important development since a greater acknowledgement of genocide by the community of nations will serve the purpose of preventing and condemning a genocide in the future and will ultimately promote the understanding of the issue in Turkey itself," Sahakyan said.
Sahakyan asked that the world community heed the lessons of the Armenian Genocide.
"First to recognize the early 'seeds' of genocide and act speedily to prevent a full-blown genocide and secondly, to resist and rebuke the deniers of genocide because denial will only encourage rogue states to attempt genocide in the future," Sahakyan said.
Many people believe that because the international community did nothing to punish Turkey for its crimes in Armenia, Hitler became more confident that he could successfully carry out the massacre of six million Jews in the Nazi Holocaust, Sahakyan said.
"Hopefully one day humankind will be freed of the scourge of genocide once and for all," he said.
The vigil drew many people of Armenian heritage, including Jacob Portukalian, freshman at Vincennes University in Vincennes, Ind., to attend the ceremony.
"I would like to think of this as an opportunity to remember what happened to my people and reflect on their tragedies," Portukalian said.
The vigil's goal was to offer prayers for the soul, but today a more academic approach will be taken to understanding the historic event, Sahakyan said.
Students who want to know more about the Armenian killings are encouraged to attend the seminar "American Genocide and Historical Memory," delivered by Krikorian. It is at 2:00 p.m. at the Illini Union, room 210.
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The Daily Illini - Opinions
Issue: 5/2/05
Letter: One-sided
It is disappointing and very much frustrating to see that the Daily Illini puts a propaganda article on a controversial subject on its front page. In the article "Campus remembers Armenian Genocide," (4/25) the very grave accusation of "genocide" is made without bothering to present all the historical facts.
The news was only one-sided and was lacking the arguments of the Turkish side. This is unacceptable for me.
In fact, during the same war time period (1915-18) more than 500,000 Turks and Muslims were killed in the same area by armed Armenian militia, which was the very reason why the Ottoman State decided to relocate the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia.
Many people suffered during World War I, including Turks and Armenians. However, when we talk about human suffering, we should not categorize people according to their ethnic origin and ignore one group as was done in the article.
I believe that we should look at the past objectively in order to build a peaceful future, not with the goal of perpetuating hatred for whatever reason.
Alaattin Ozyurek
graduate student
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The Daily Illini - Opinions
Issue: 5/3/05
Letter: Unmentioned history
It is disappointing to see that the DI puts a propaganda article on a controversial subject on its front page. In the article "Campus remembers Armenian Genocide" (4/25) the grave accusation of "genocide" is made without mentioning the fact that during the same period (1915-18) hundreds of thousands of Turks and others were killed or relocated in the same area by the armed Armenian militia, the very reason why the Ottoman State decided to relocate the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia. This fact alone is sufficient to dismiss the "genocide" label from this tragic relocation event.
The Wikipedia article cited has an official warning stating, "the neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed." Most of the claims by Armenians are already shown to be either simply wrong or extremely exaggerated Turkey has opened the Ottoman archives to scholars years ago. Obviously, this would not be the attitude of Turkey if there were really a "genocide." Yet in the article these "genocide" claims are presented as indisputable facts and anybody who is looking for the truth is condemned with "the denial of genocide."
Moreover, the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by fighting against the Ottoman government. Therefore, calls to "punish" the current Turkish Republic and blaming it for events predating its existence are difficult to understand.
As members of the Turkish student community at UIUC, we are sorry for the tragedy of Armenians and extend our sympathies to their descendants. When we talk about human suffering we should not categorize people according to their ethnic origin. It was a period of suffering for everyone. Unfortunately, these tragedies are often used for political gain and, in the process, to incite hatred against people of Turkish origin. Few people know that dozens of Turkish diplomats were killed by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA during 1970s and 80s because of this unfounded hatred.
We believe as students of UIUC that we should look at the past objectively in order to build a peaceful future for our children, not with the goal of perpetuating hatred for whatever reason.
Burak Guneralp
graduate student
Turkish Student Association of UIUC
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The Daily Illini - Opinions
Issue: 5/4/05
Letter: Denial & revisionism
In his letter Alaattin Ozyurek argues that high mortality rate among Turkey's Muslim population somehow implies that the extermination of Turkey's Armenians was not genocide. Using the same "logic" one could "argue" that the death of estimated five million Germans during WWII means that the extermination of European Jews was not genocide either.
Also, Ozyurek implies that the extermination of the Armenians was the result of their rebellion. I will answer to this only by quoting Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, the German vice-consul in Turkey at the time, who in 1915 sent the following telegram to his superiors in Berlin:
"I have conducted a series of conversations with competent and influential Turkish personages, and these are my impressions: A large segment of the Ittihadist (Young Turk) party maintains the viewpoint that the Turkish empire should be based only on the principle of Islam and Pan-Turkism. Its non-Muslim and non-Turkish inhabitants should either be forcibly Islamized, or otherwise they ought to be destroyed. These gentlemen believe that the time is propitious for the realization of this plan. The first item on this agenda concerns the liquidation of the Armenians. Ittihad will dangle before the eyes of the allies the specter of an alleged revolution ... Moreover, local incidents of social unrest and acts of Armenian self-defense will deliberately be provoked and inflated and will be used as pretexts to effect the deportations. Once en route however, the convoys will be attacked and exterminated by Kurdish and Turkish brigands, and in part by gendarmes, who will be instigated for that purpose by Ittihad."
Areg Danagoulian
graduate student
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The Daily Illini - Opinions
Issue: 5/5/05
Letter: An understatement
Professor Israel Charny once said that genocide denial is "killing the victim twice - once with genocide and then again with denial." To label what Burak Guneralp expressed as offensive is an understatement; it merits the same outcome as a hate crime. The denials that the Turkish students have been spewing in the Daily Illini transpire with the same ignorance and aspirations as Nazi sympathizers who vulgarly deny the Holocaust of the Jews. Such idiocy necessitates permanent banishment from any media outlet as their only deserving places are on those of hate and propaganda Web sites. Even Turkey doesn't go at great lengths to deny the genocide anymore. They do the other honorable deed - ignoring it.
Searching "Assyrian Genocide" on Wikipedia results in no reliability warning as the massacres of approximately 750,000 Assyrians unfolded with credible foreign eyewitnesses. There are also no red herrings that the Turkish can strategically sidetrack on like the justified and consequent Armenian defense. The Assyrians' only crimes were being Christian and law-abiding citizens of Turkey. When the Turks issued a jihad against the Christian populous in 1914, the Assyrians, instead of arming up, turned in their weapons and even culinary knives to the Turkish envoys. This exploit rendered them easy prey for slaughter. While WWI was being fought in the trenches of Europe, the Turks were silently and covertly exterminating the entire unarmed Christian populous of Asia Minor parish-by-parish. Ask my grandparents how remarkable it was to watch family members beheaded and raped by Turkish militia.
Analyzing reports from groups assembled by official French, Swiss and Dutch governments, the systematic torture, massacre and ethnic cleansing of several million Christian citizens of the Turkish Empire is not only an investigated reality, but a horrific reminder of the appalling acts that hatred can induce following remarks such as Burak's.
If any writer or reporter inferred that the Jewish Holocaust was a false allegation against the Nazi government, there would be serious consequences that would comprise of apologies, firings and resignations of those outfits involved. Precisely why is the Assyrian/Hellenic/Armenian Genocide treated any differently?
Joseph Vartan Danavi
junior in LAS
Assyrian Student Union
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The Daily Illini - Opinions
Issue: 5/6/05
Letter: Distorting history
Burak Guneralp in his letter to the DI yesterday claims that he wishes to "look at the past objectively in order to build a peaceful future for our children," but at the same time he denies the history of the Armenian genocide, putting himself on the same level as a neo-Nazi Holocaust denier.
Burak's claims of "relocation" by the Ottoman Empire are ridiculous. The U.N. War Crimes commission declared Turkey's actions a genocide, in which 1.5 million Armenians were butchered. Official orders from a Turkish general, Nur ed-Din Pasha, called for genocide, asking every Turk to "kill four or five Armenians or Greeks." The Armenian genocide, like the Holocaust, is an indisputable fact of history. Turks must accept and apologize for their past, as Germans have done.
Burak speaks of "building a peaceful future," but he fails to mention that while Turkish people are kind and crave nothing but peace, the Turkish government is the main obstacle to peace in the Near East. Turkey has closed borders and placed an economic embargo on Armenia, which has shattered the tiny country's economy. Turkey also is an aggressive state, having invaded her neighbor, Cyprus, and ethnically cleansing much of the Greek population. Turkey also has territorial claims on another neighbor, Greece, and Turkish military aircraft repeatedly violate Greek airspace. Turkey also brutally represses her Kurdish minority, and some estimates put the number of ethnically cleansed Turkish Kurds at two million.
It is easy for Burak to speak of "peace," but he would do better to recognize that the policies of his own country are the obstacle to this peace. The first step towards Turkey's rehabilitation is for Turkey to admit and apologize for the genocide.
Constantine Yannelis
junior in LAS
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Nothing Personal / Among the deniers
Ha'aretz
May 9 2003
By Thomas O'Dwyer
If the victims of genocides cannot depend on the support of the descendants of the Holocaust - where on earth will anyone ever find truth and justice?
When this column started around three years ago, one of the first people I went to meet and write about was Prof. Deborah Lipstadt. She's the historian who had just won a place for herself in Jewish legend by demolishing once and for all - with the aid of the splendid British justice Charles Gray - the lies of Holocaust denier David Irving, who had sued her for libel and lost.
Lipstadt was full of praise for the way she had been sustained during the long court ordeal by a staunchly supportive media - after all, fighting neo-Nazi lies is for all human dignity and safety as well as for Jewish justice. How sickening therefore is it to watch the disgusting machinations of the Jewish state when it comes to its cowardly refusal to speak out stridently against the deniers of the Armenian genocide. If the victims of genocides cannot depend on the support of the descendants of the Holocaust - when on earth will anyone ever find truth and justice anywhere?
After a newspaper item appeared on Sunday saying that a government brochure mentioned that a "third generation survivor of the Armenian holocaust in 1915" would light a torch at the Independence Day ceremony, Turkish embassy hysteria went into its customary overdrive in protest.
In a remarkable act of craven capitulation to denial, the Knesset and government caved in and actually printed 2,000 new brochures for the ceremony. The revisionist version of history expunged the truth and replaced it with a description of the torch-lighter Naomi Nalbandian as a "daughter of the long-suffering Armenian people" and her grandparents as "survivors of historical Armenia, 1915."
The Ottoman Empire ethnically cleansed and murdered 1.5 million Armenians between 1915 and 1918. The Turkish army drove hundreds of thousands of Armenians through the Der Zor desert where they died from hunger and thirst. What is more, the government sanctioned raids by Turkish soldiers, who destroyed whole Armenian villages, not sparing even the women or the children. The Armenian population was completely wiped out in Western Armenia. About 600,000 survived and now live in various countries of the world (including modern Armenia).
Modern Turkey continues to vehemently deny these crimes against humanity and fights ferociously around the globe to bury the historical facts. And again this week - and not for the first time - we have witnessed the State of Israel's complicity in the lie, because it is scared of upsetting its only friend in the Muslim states. This is political expediency at its most morally bankrupt. Tripping over itself in its stupid defense of the untenable Turkish position, the Israeli Foreign Ministry has again and again played an active role in suppressing even discussion of the issue.
"Outrageous," is how Deborah Lipstadt, the defeater of deniers, has described the Turkish denial. "The Turks have managed to structure this debate so that people question whether this really happened." Now shouldn't that sound familiar to any Jewish ear? A few months before she smashed Irving, Lipstadt was one of 150 scholars and writers who signed a Washington Post ad condemning Turkey's persistent denial of the Armenian genocide. Among the others signing was no less a person than Prof. Yehuda Bauer, the academic director of Yad Vashem. "We and many others have accepted the United Nations definition of genocide and there can be no argument about [the Armenian case] being genocide," he said at the time.
"I am an Armenian and I have no right to say what is my identity," said Nalbandian after the government and the Turks told her what she had really meant to say - and would say. She added: "They don't say to second and third generations of Holocaust survivors `don't say that,' do they?" What if the rest of the world behaved as cravenly in the face of Holocaust deniers as Israeli officials do in the face of the Turks? During a similar row several years ago the then Armenian foreign minister said in an interview: "There is some discrepancy between Israel's words and their deeds on genocide. Israel has to show a moral authority since we have gone through a similar history and experience. What is shocking is that there should be any question whatsoever of Israel denying the murder of a nation. The sooner the Turks come clean, admit the crimes of their great-grandparents, and get it over with, the better for all humanity.
The British for many decades denied responsibility for the Irish potato famine that killed an estimated two million people and sent another two million into exile - because it was a natural disaster - although history recorded full well that the British were taking convoys of food out of Ireland under armed guard. It took Tony Blair to admit responsibility 150 years later, and apologize, to lay the shame to rest.
Turkey's denials of the Armenian massacre will not endure - but the memory of Israel's refusal to speak out against the denial just might. "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" asked Adolf Hitler when persuading his fellow thugs that a Jewish extermination would be tolerated by the West. Of course there is one Turk you can quote who still commands almost reverential respect from his fellow countryman - Kemal Ataturk, the legendary founder of the modern nation. In an interview published on August 1, 1926 in The Los Angeles Examiner, Ataturk talked about the former Young Turks in his country: "These left-overs from the former Young Turk Party, who should have been made to account for the millions of our Christian subjects who were ruthlessly driven en masse from their homes and massacred, have been restive under the Republican rule." When we have the word of Ataturk himself, we don't need to be accused of "pandering to the views of the enemies and haters of Turks" as one Turkish diplomat once wrote to me for daring to question the lie. I assume he meant the Kurds - who for decades "didn't exist" either in Turkish myth except as "mountain Turks."
The three rulers of Turkey as a triumvirate during the time of the genocide were Cemal Pasha, Enver Pasha and Talat Pasha. Of them, British Viscount James Bryce said in a speech on October 6, 1915: "The massacres are the result of a policy which, as far as can be ascertained, has been entertained for some considerable time by the gang of unscrupulous adventurers who are now in possession of the government of the Turkish Empire."
After the German ambassador persistently brought up the Armenian question in 1918, Talat Pasha said "with a smile": "What on earth do you want? The question is settled. There are no more Armenians."
Later, Prince Abdul Mecid, the heir apparent to the Ottoman Throne, said during an interview: "I refer to those awful massacres. They are the greatest stain that has ever disgraced our nation and race. They were entirely the work of Talat and Enver. I heard some days before they began that they were intended. I went to Istanbul and insisted on seeing Enver. I asked him if it was true that they intended to recommence the massacres that had been our shame and disgrace under Abdul Hamid. The only reply I could get from him was: `It is decided. It is the program.'"
Keep on denying, folks. But remember, the dead won't let you forget.
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From Norman Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry:
The one truly mainstream holocaust denier is Bernard Lewis. A French court even convicted Lewis of denying genocide. But this was the Armenian genocide and Lewis is pro-Israel. Accordingly, this holocaust denial raises no hackles in the US; the fact that Turkey is an Israeli ally was a further extenuating circumstance. Mention of the Armenian genocide is, therefore, taboo. Wiesel, Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz and Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg withdrew from an international conference on genocide in Tel Aviv because the sponsors, against government urging, included sessions on the Armenian case. Acting at Israel's behest, the US Holocaust Council 'virtually effaced' mention of the Armenians in the Washington Holocaust Museum; and Jewish lobbyists in Congress blocked a day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide.
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Holocaust and Genocide
INDEPENDENT (London) 5 August 2000
Robert Fisk
(Why is it that only one of the great holocausts of the last century merits a capital 'H'? Here, Robert Fisk, who has spent many years researching the massacre of one and a half million Armenian Christians, argues that all acts of genocide deserve equal recognition.)
In the spring of 1993, with my car keys, I slowly unearthed a set of skulls from the clay wall of a hill in northern Syria. I had been looking for the evidence of a mass murder -- the world's first genocide P for the previous two days but it took a 101-year-old Armenian woman to locate the river bed where her family were murdered in the First World War. The more I dug into the hillside next to the Habur river, the more skulls slid from the earth, bright white at first then, gradually, collapsing into paste as the cold, wet air reached the calcium for the first time since their mass murder. The teeth were unblemished -- these were mostly young people -- and the bones I later found stretched behind them were strong. Backbones, femurs, joints, a few of them laced with the remains of some kind of cord. There were dozens of skeletons here. The more I dug away with my car keys, the more eye sockets peered at me out of the clay. It was a place of horror.
In 1915, the world reacted with equal horror as news emerged from the dying Ottoman Empire of the deliberate destruction of at least a million and a half Christian Armenians. Their fate -- the ethnic cleansing of this ancient race from the lands of Turkey, the razing of their towns and churches, the mass slaughter of their menfolk, the massacre of their women and children -- was denounced in Paris, London and Washington as a war crime. Tens of thousands of Armenian women -- often after mass rape by their Turkish guards -- were left to die of starvation with their children along the banks of the Habur river near Deir ez-Zour, in what is today northern Syria. The few men who survived were tied together and thrown into the river. Turkish gendarmes would fire a bullet into one of them and his body would drag the rest to their deaths. Their skulls -- a few of them -- were among the bones I unearthed on that terrible afternoon seven years ago.
The deliberate nature of this slaughter was admitted by the then Turkish leader, Enver Pasha, in a conversation with Henry Morgenthau, the US ambassador in Constantinople, a Jewish-American diplomat whose vivid reports to Washington in 1915 form an indictment of the greatest war crime the modern world had ever known. Enver denounced the Armenians for siding with Russia in its war with the Turks. But even the Germans, Ottoman Turkey's ally in the First World War, condemned the atrocities; for it was the Armenian civilian population which was cut down by the Turks. The historian Arnold Toynbee, who worked for the Foreign Office during the war, was to record the "atmosphere of horror" which lay over the abandoned Armenian lands in the aftermath of the savagery. Men had been lined up on bridges to have their throats cut and be thrown into rivers; in orchards and fields, women and children had been knifed. Armenians had been shot by the thousand, sometimes beaten to death with clubs. Earlier Turkish pogroms against the Armenians of Asia Minor had been denounced by Lord Gladstone. In the aftermath of the 1914-18 war, Winston Churchill was the most eloquent in reminding the world of the Armenian Holocaust.
"In 1915 the Turkish Government began and ruthlessly carried out the infamous general massacre and deportation of Armenians in Asia Minor," Churchill wrote in his magisterial volume four of The Great War. "... the clearance of the race from Asia Minor was about as complete as such an act, on a scale so great, could well be ... There is no reasonable doubt that this crime was planned and executed for political reasons." Churchill referred to the Turks as "war criminals" and wrote of their "massacring uncounted thousands of helpless Armenians -- men, women and children together; whole districts blotted out in one administrative holocaust -- these were beyond human redress."
So Churchill himself, writing 80 years ago, used the word "holocaust" about the Armenian massacres. I am not surprised. A few miles north of the site where I had dug up those skulls, I found a complex of underground caves beneath the Syrian desert. Thousands of Armenians had been driven into this subterranean world in 1915 and Turkish gendarmes lit bonfires at the mouths of the caves. The smoke was blown into the caves and the men were asphyxiated. The caves were the world's first gas chambers. No wonder, then, that Hitler is recorded as asking his generals -- as he planned his own numerically far more terrible holocaust -- "Who does now remember the Armenians?"
Could such a crime be denied? Could such an act of mass wickedness be covered up? Or could it, as Hitler suggested, be forgotten? Could the world's first holocaust -- a painful irony, this -- be half-acknowledged but downgraded in the list of human bestiality as the dreadful 20th century produced further acts of mass barbarity?
Alas, all this has come to pass. When I wrote about the Armenian massacres in The Independent in 1993, the Turks denounced my article -- as they have countless books and investigations before and since -- as a lie. Turkish readers wrote to the editor to demand my dismissal from the paper. If Armenian civilians had been killed, they wrote, this was a result of the anarchy that existed in Ottoman Turkey in the First World War, civil chaos in which countless Turks had died and in which Armenian paramilitaries had deliberately taken the side of Tsarist Russia. The evidence of European commissions into the massacres, the eye-witness accounts of Western journalists at the later slaughter of Armenians at Smyrna -- the present-day holiday resort of Izmir where British sunbathers today have no idea of the bloodbath that took place around their beaches -- the denunciations of Morgenthau and Churchill, are all dismissed as propaganda.
When a Holocaust conference was to be held in Israel, the Turkish government objected to the inclusion of material on the Armenian slaughter. Incredibly, Auschwitz survivor Elie Wiesel withdrew from the conference after the Israeli foreign ministry said that it might damage Israeli-Turkish relations. The conference went ahead, but only in miniature form. In the United States, Turkey's powerful lobby groups attack journalists or academics who suggest the Armenian genocide was fact. Turkish ambassadors regularly write letters -- which have appeared in all British newspapers, even in the Israeli press -- denying the truth of the Armenian Holocaust. No one -- save the Armenians -- objects to this denial. Scarcely a whimper comes from those who would, rightly, condemn any denial of the Jewish Holocaust.
For Turkey -- no longer the "sick man of Europe" -- is courted by the Western powers which so angrily condemned its cruelty in the last century. It is a valued member of the Nato alliance -- our ally in bombing Serbia last year -- the closest regional ally of Israel and a major buyer of US and French weaponry. Just as we remained largely silent at the persecution of the Kurds, so we prefer to ignore the world's first holocaust. While Britain's massive contribution to the proposed Euphrates dam project in south-eastern Turkey was in the balance, Tony Blair was not going to mention the Armenian atrocities. Indeed, when this year he announced that Britain was to honour an annual Holocaust Day, he made no mention of the Armenians. Holocaust Day, it seems, was to be a Jewish-only affair. And it was to take a capital "H" when it applied to the Jews.
I've always agreed with this. Mass ethnic slaughter on such a scale -- Hitler's murder of six million Jews -- deserves a capital "H". But I also believe that the genocide of other races merits a capital "H". Millions of Jews -- despite Wiesel's gutlessness and the shameful reaction of the Israeli government -- have shown common cause with the Armenians in their suffering, acknowledging the 1915 massacres as the precursor of the "Shoah" or Jewish Holocaust. Norman Finkelstein in his angry new book on the "Holocaust industry" makes a similar point, adding that the Jewish experience -- both his parents were extermination camp survivors -- should not be allowed to diminish the genocide committed against other ethnic groups in modern history. Indeed, the very word "genocide" was invented for the Armenians in 1944 -- by a Polish-born Jew, Raphael Lemkin.
Nor can I myself forget the Armenian Holocaust. The very last survivors of that genocide are still -- just -- alive, and several of them live in Beirut where I am based as Middle East correspondent of The Independent. I have read extensively about and, occasionally, researched the Jewish Holocaust -- my own book about the Lebanese war, Pity the Nation, begins in Auschwitz, where I found frozen lakes filled with the powdered bones of the dead from the ashpits of Birkenau. But the Armenian Holocaust has been "my" story because it is part of the Middle East's history as well as the world's. Only this year, I interviewed Hartun, a 101-year-old blind Armenian in an old people's home in East Beirut who remembered how, in the Syrian desert in 1915, his mother pleaded with Turks not to rape her 18-year-old daughter -- Hartun's sister. "As she begged them not to take my sister, they beat her to death," Hartun recalled. "I remember her dying, shouting 'Hartun, Hartun, Hartun' over and over. When she was dead, they took my sister away on a horse. I never saw her again." Hartun -- after years of bitterness and longing for revenge -- was overcome with what he called "my Christian belief" and decided to abandon the notion of vengeance. "When the Turkish earthquake killed so many people last year," he told me, "I prayed for the poor Turkish people."
It was a deeply moving example of compassion from a man whose suffering those Turks will not admit and whose Holocaust we prefer to ignore. Stirred partly by Hartun's story, I wrote an article for The Independent in January of this year on the "sublimation" of the Armenian genocide, its wilful denial by US academics who hold American university professorships funded by the Turkish government, and the absence of any reference to the Armenians in the British Government's announcement of Holocaust Day. And, yes, I referred to the Armenian Holocaust -- as I did to the Jewish Holocaust -- with a capital "H". Chatting to an Armenian acquaintance, I mentioned that I had given the Armenian genocide the same capital "H" which I believe should be attached to all acts of genocide.
Little could I have guessed how quickly the dead would rise from their graves. When the article appeared in The Independent -- a paper which has never failed to dig into human wickedness visited upon every race and creed -- my references to the Jewish Holocaust remained with a capital "H". But the Armenian Holocaust had been downgraded to a lower case "h". "Tell me, Robert," my Armenian friend asked me in suppressed fury, "how do we Armenians qualify for a capital 'H'? Didn't the Turks kill enough of us? Or is it because we're not Jewish?"
There are no conspiracies on The Independent's subs desk; just a tough, no-nonsense rule that our articles follow a grammatical "house style" and conform to what is called "common usage". And the Jewish Holocaust, through common usage, takes a capital "H". Other holocausts don't. No one is quite sure why -- the same practice is followed in newspapers and books all over the world, although it has been the subject of debate in the United States, not least by Finkelstein. Harvard turned down a professorial "Chair of Holocaust and Cognate Studies" because academics objected to the genocide of other groups (including the Armenians) being lumped together as "cognate". But none of this answered the questions of my Armenian friend. To have told him his people didn't qualify for a capital "H" would have been shameful and insulting.
A debate then opened within The Independent. I wrote in a memo that the word "holocaust" could be cheapened by over-use and exaggeration -- take the agency report last year which referred to the "holocaust" of wildlife after an oil-spill on the French coast. But I said that I still had no answer worthy of the question posed by my Armenian friend.
One of the paper's top wordsmiths was asked to comment -- a grammatical expert who regularly teases out the horrors of definition in an imperfect and savage world. He cited Chambers Dictionary, which stated that the Jewish Holocaust was "usually" capitalised. And, said our expert on the paper, "It is in the nature of a proper noun to apply to only one thing." Thus there may be many crusades but only one Crusade (the Middle Ages one). There may be many cities but the City is London. Similarly the Renaissance.
"There can be only one Holocaust," he wrote. "Is the Holocaust really unique? Yes. It was perpetrated by modern Europeans. Its purported justification was a perversion of Darwin, one of the great thinkers of modern Europe. Above all, in the gas chambers and crematoria it manufactured death by modern industrial methods. The Holocaust says to modern Western man that his technological mastery will not save him from sin, but rather magnify the results of his sins. There have been acts of genocide throughout history and some of them have killed more people than the Nazis did, but we call the Nazi holocaust 'the Holocaust' because it is our holocaust."
Must we, our grammarian asked, "commit grammatical faux pas and overturn an accepted usage for which there is ample justification? Finally, where does it end? Are, for instance, the crimes of Stalin against minority nationalities in the Soviet Union not just as bad as the Armenian slaughters? What of the Khmer Rouge? Rwanda? The Roman destruction of Carthage? Are these also to be 'Holocausts'? If not, why not?"
Powerful arguments, but ones with which I disagreed. The Jewish Holocaust, I wrote back, should be capitalised not because its victims were European Jews, or those of any other race, but because its victims were human beings. Human values, the right to life, the struggle against evil, are universal -- "not confined to Europeans or one ethnic or religious group, or involving those who distorted Darwin's theories of biological evolution". It was, after all, The Independent's editorial policy that the world must fight against all atrocities -- a belief which underlay our demand for humanitarian action in East Timor and Kosovo. This did not mean that I regarded Timor and Kosovo as holocausts, but that we should never accept the idea that one group of victims had special status over others. I spend hours telling Arabs that they must accept and acknowledge the facts of the Jewish Holocaust, but if we are now to regard this as a specifically European crime, as "our" crime, I have few arguments left. The Arabs can say it is none of their business.
As for the question, "Where does it end?" Yes, what about Armenia? And Rwanda? If Armenians are disqualified from a capital "H" because they only lost one and a half million, what is Rwanda's sin of exclusion?
Religion? Race? Colour? When Armenians in Israel speak of their people's suffering, they use the Hebrew word Shoah -- which means Holocaust.
The Independent's editor suggested that we should debate these questions in an article in the paper -- this is the article -- but the issues, of course, remain unresolved. "Common usage" is a bane to all us journalists but it is not sacred. It doesn't have to stand still. My father fought in what he called the Great War -- common usage which was later amended, after 1945, to the First World War. Similarly, I believe, the Holocaust. In the aftermath of my January remarks on the Armenian genocide, The Independent published a denial of that same genocide by a Turkish Cypriot academic, in which we printed the word Holocaust with a capital "H". The world did not end. The Turks did not complain. Nor did any members of the Jewish community. Indeed, only last year, a prominent academic at the Hebrew University's Armenian studies programme in Israel talked of the Armenians and Jews having "suffered holocaust".
In the meantime, Holocaust -- or holocaust -- denial continues. President Chirac has declined to endorse the French parliament's acknowledgement of the Armenian genocide and forthcoming Holocaust conferences have not invited Armenians to participate. Mr Blair doesn't mention the destruction of the Armenians. They don't count, literally. Common usage -- and our concern for Turkish sensitivities -- has seen to that, even though genocide is anything but normal. Germany dutifully acknowledges its historical guilt for the wickedness of the Jewish Holocaust. Not so the Turks. Armenians accept that a few Turks P courageous, outstanding men -- risked their lives in 1915 to shelter their Armenian friends and neighbours, just as "righteous gentiles" did for the Jews of Europe. But Turkey cannot honour these brave men. Since the Armenian Holocaust supposedly did not exist, nor did they. A holocaust rather than a Holocaust helps to diminish the suffering of the Armenians. What's in a name? What's in a capital letter? How many other skulls lie beneath the sands of northern Syria? Did the Turks not kill enough Armenians?
_________________________________________________________________
Larry Derfner, Jerusalem Post, April 21, 2005
'And the world stood silent." This is one of the most indelible Jewish memories of the Holocaust, and one of our most bitter accusations.
On Sunday, in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, the 90th anniversary of the Armenian genocide β the slaughter of at least 1 million Armenian civilians by the Turkish Ottoman regime β will be memorialized.
What does the State of Israel and many of its American Jewish lobbyists have to say about it, about this first genocide of the 20th century? If they were merely standing silent, that would be an improvement. Instead, on the subject of the Armenian genocide, Israel and some US Jewish organizations, notably the American Jewish Committee, have for many years acted aggressively as silencers. In Israel, attempts to broadcast documentaries about the genocide on state-run television have been aborted. A program to teach the genocide in public schools was watered down to the point that history teachers refused to teach it.
In the US Congress, resolutions to recognize the genocide and the Ottoman Turks' responsibility for it have been snuffed out by Turkey and its right-hand man on this issue, the Israel lobby.
Jeshajahu Weinberg, founding director of the US Holocaust Museum, wrote that when Armenians lobbied to show the genocide in the museum, Turkey and Israel counter-lobbied to keep out any trace of it. The museum decided to make three mentions of the genocide, including Hitler's call to his troops to be merciless to their victims: "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?"
Over 125 Holocaust scholars β including Elie Wiesel, Deborah Lipstadt, Daniel Goldhagen, Raul Hilberg and Yehuda Bauer β have signed ads in the New York Times demanding acknowledgement of the Armenian genocide and the Ottoman Turks' culpability for it. Wiesel testified in Congress on behalf of such a resolution. The International Association of Genocide Scholars β which, by the way, is studded with Jewish names β holds the same view as a matter of course.
In the face of all this, Israel's position, as articulated by then-foreign minister Shimon Peres before a 2001 visit to Turkey, says the Armenian genocide is "a matter for historians to decide."
The American Jewish Committee's position is that of "the US government, the government of Israel, and the Turkish Jewish community: that this is an issue best left to historians, not politicians," says Barry Jacobs of the AJC's Washington office.
Off the record, a Foreign Ministry official describes Israel's approach to the issue as "practical, realpolitik. Whoever sees our position in this region can understand how important our relations with Turkey are."
And that's what determines the Israeli and US Jewish establishment stand on the Armenian genocide β Israel's crucial military, economic and political ties with Turkey.
Then, along with the "realpolitik" considerations, there's the Jewish people's weighty moral debt to Turkey, a safe harbor for Jews since the Spanish Inquisition over 500 years ago.
Finally, on a petty level, there's the worry that letting the Armenian genocide out of history's closet might diminish the "uniqueness" of the Holocaust in people's minds.
"Frankly, I'm pretty disgusted. I think that my government preferred economic and political relations with Turkey to the truth. I can understand why they did it, but I don't agree with it."
That's Yehuda Bauer talking. He's Israel's leading Holocaust historian, an Israel Prize winner, and now academic adviser to Yad Vashem. He began studying the Armenian genocide about 25 years ago as a natural outgrowth of his study of the Holocaust.
For 80 years, says Bauer, Turkey has been "denying the genocide... saying, 'Yes, there was terrible suffering on both sides, the Turkish versus the Armenian, these things happen in war.' But that's nonsense. This was a definite, planned attack on a civilian minority, and whatever Armenian resistance there was came in response to the imminent danger of mass murder."
To Turkey's claim, backed by Israel and its Washington lobby, that there's no conclusive proof of a Turkish Ottoman order for the mass murder of Armenians, Bauer says, "Oh, there's no doubt about it whatsoever. It's absolutely clear." He cites "thousands" of testimonials from US, German and Austrian officials who were in Turkey and what is now Armenia when it happened.
One of the most important of those witnesses was US ambassador to Turkey Henry Morganthau β a Jew, incidentally. He wrote that the "persecution of Armenians is assuming unprecedented proportions. Reports from widely scattered districts indicate a systematic attempt to uproot peaceful Armenian populations and... arbitrary efforts, terrible tortures, wholesale expulsions and deportations from one end of the Empire to the other, accompanied by frequent instances of rape, pillage and murder, turning into massacre, to bring destruction and destitution on them."
Israel and the Israel lobby fully acknowledge that the Armenians suffered a terrible "tragedy." A Foreign Ministry statement even notes that "the Jewish people have a special sensitivity to the murders and human tragedies that occurred during the years 1915 and 1916."
They just won't say who was to blame, or whether Turkey bears historical responsibility. Mention Wiesel and all the rest of the Holocaust and genocide historians, and the Israeli and US Jewish officials come back β off the record β with the renowned Bernard Lewis. Along with a few other American historians, Lewis says it wasn't a genocide at all, that World War I was going on and Armenians were fighting with Russia against the Turks, and that you can't blame Turkey for what happened, not then and certainly not now.
Thus the official Israeli/Jewish line: "It's a matter for historians to decide."
Fair enough. Even though Lewis's side is terribly outnumbered among Western historians, let's say the burden of proof lies with Wiesel, Bauer, Lipstadt et al, who say the Ottoman Turks ordered the massacre of 1 million-1.5 million Armenians. Let's say Israeli and US Jewish leaders aren't competent to judge who's right and who's wrong.
And let's even give their declared neutrality the benefit of the doubt because of Israel's relations with Turkey, and Turkey's long history of welcoming Jews in distress.
The point is this: Israel and the US Jewish establishment may say they're neutral over what happened to the Armenians 90 years ago, but their actions say the opposite. They've not only taken sides, they're on the barricades. They've done everything they can to cover up what the great majority of historians, including the entire community of Holocaust scholars, say was a clear-cut case of genocide.
Jews shouldn't do this β for any reason. Ninety years after the Armenian genocide, there is a decent Jewish response to the sickening behavior of the State of Israel, the American Jewish Committee and other US Jewish organizations:
Not in our name
____________________________________________________________
Excerpt from Mickey Z, Counterpunch:
While Wiesel's documentation of the Nazi Holocaust has earned him international acclamation and a Nobel Peace Prize, he is not always predisposed to yield the genocide victim's spotlight. In 1982, for example, a conference on genocide was held in Israel with Wiesel scheduled to be honorary chairman, but the situation became complicated when the Armenians wanted in. Here's how Noam Chomsky described the incident: "The Israeli government put pressure upon [Wiesel] to drop the Armenian genocide. They allowed the others, but not the Armenian one. He was pressured by the government to withdraw, and being a loyal commissar as he is, he withdrew...because the Israeli government had said they didn't want Armenian genocide brought up." Wiesel went even further, calling up noted Israeli Holocaust historian, Yehuda Bauer, and pleading with him to also boycott the conference. "That gives an indication of the extent to which people like Elie Wiesel were carrying out their usual function of serving Israeli state interests," Chomsky explains, "even to the extent of denying a holocaust, which he regularly does." Why not welcome the Armenians, you wonder? Chalk it up to two conspicuous factors: the need to monopolize the Holocaust(tm) image and the geopolitical reality that Turkey (the nation responsible for the Armenian genocide) is a rare and much-needed Muslim ally for Israel. |
This work is in the public domain |
Comments
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by gehrig
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
05 May 2005
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Once again, it's David Green going right to the heart of the matter, and discovering that once again the _really important_ issue in the Armenian slaughter isn't the Armenian slaughter but rather the way it can be used as an excuse to lecture on the Eeevils of Zi-i-i-ionism.
Y'all need another harmonica, Green. That one's only got one note on it.
@%< |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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When all you've got is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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Rereading Green's post, what I see is a vicious non-sequitor. And incredibly obvious hypocrisy. Green, who rails agains the zionist exploitation of the holocaust for self-affirming purposes, jumps right on an analogous bandwagon and exploits the Armenian genocide to circle around (the long way) to Israel and the criminality of American Jews.
And others accuse ME of "highjacking" issues!
Green is spewing a monomaniacal obsession with his issue, and along the way he sticks his foot in his frothing mouth. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by gehrig
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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Apparently the Armenians were slaughtered by the Turks to give Norman Finkelstein and Noam Chomsky a reason to gratuitously attack Elie Weisel and thuh International Zi-i-i-ionist Conspiracy.
@%< |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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"Thus the official Israeli/Jewish line: "It's a matter for historians to decide." "
So, there you have it: there is an "official Jewish line." I can't imagine anything more offensive to me as a jew than being told that I have "an official line." Who is the "official" here? Is there some uber-jew in a back room somewhere that I didn't know about? Someone who is the "offical" jew of the world? |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by annoyed
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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And so now that you're done railing against Green, what about the genocide-deniers? |
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Those in Denial |
by Dose of Reality
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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Good point, annoyed.
Thereason to study the Holocaust and other historical genocides is to prevent the recurrance of such horrors. It is not about who has the greater claim to victimhood in the present and only occassionally about the question of who was guilty -- that's usually fairly clear, except for those who wallow in conspiracy theory.
The real point is that there should not be any more victims. Those who pander to national pride at the expense of historical truth stand in the way of that goal. If genocide is left "for historians to decide," instead of being taught to and internalized by the public, then the chances are that much greater that such evil will recur.
Historians have a role, but it is utter BS and dissimulation for anyone to leave the responsibility for preventing genocide in their hands. In fact, the direct personal responsibility to prevent genocide is really mostly in the hands of politicians like Peres, Sharon, Bush, and, yes, those in charge of the Palestinian Authority, who are the ones who control the state forces most likely to commit it or prevent it in the future. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by gehrig
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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They're wrong. But they're also obviously only a pretext that Green is using as his excuse to amalgamate another anti-Zionist salmagundi from his usual suspects, something he does in a way that makes it quite clear that his interest isn't even slightly in combating Turkish deniers of the Armenian slaughter but rather in -- well, in posting another anti-Zionist salmagundi from his usual suspects.
If a tree falls in a forest, and Norman Finkelstein -- author of "The Holocaust Industry" -- didn't hear it, will Green believe it really fell?
@%< |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
06 May 2005
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The more pointed query: if a jew makes a statement in the forest, and Dose of Realty isn't there to hear it, is it still "utter BS?" |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-6) |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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Intolerance on the left
Michael Lerner, liberal rabbi and harsh critic of Ariel Sharon, finds himself blacklisted by ANSWER, the group co-sponsoring Sunday's big antiwar rally in San Francisco.
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By Michelle Goldberg
Feb. 12, 2003 | Even as other members of the democratic left have denounced the hardcore Maoists and Stalinists behind much recent antiwar organizing, Michael Lerner, the dovish San Francisco rabbi and editor of the liberal Jewish magazine Tikkun, has defended the role of sectarians in the movement. When members of his congregation complained about the stridently anti-Israel rhetoric at demonstrations sponsored by ANSWER, a front group for the Workers World party, he urged them to turn out anyway, and Tikkun sent busloads of people to both Washington and San Francisco. He co-signed a letter to Salon criticizing Salon's criticism of ANSWER and Not In Our Name, which is connected to the Revolutionary Communist Party.
So Lerner was understandably outraged to learn that he'd been banned from speaking at the San Francisco rally ANSWER is co-sponsoring on Sunday. The reason for his banishment remains murky. This much is clear: Organizers from the four groups collaborating on the rally -- ANSWER, United for Peace and Justice, Not In Our Name and Bay Area United Against War -- agreed that any one partner could veto a proposed speaker, and ANSWER vetoed Lerner.
Some say that's because Lerner, while urging people to work with ANSWER on peace movement issues, also has denounced the group's rabidly anti-Israel, pro-Saddam politics. But Lerner says that the agreement giving ANSWER veto power over its critics was merely a pretext used by the group as an excuse to keep him off stage. The real reason for his exclusion, Lerner believes, is that, while he is unrelenting in his opposition to Ariel Sharon's government and his call for Palestinian statehood, he supports Israel's right to exist and condemns Palestinian terrorism. An ANSWER spokesman seemed to confirm Lerner's theory when he told WNYC radio host Brian Lehrer that the group wouldn't allow a "pro-Israel" speaker at its demonstrations. A Tikkun press release framed the decision this way: "Progressive Rabbi Banned From Speaking at Peace Rally Because of His Pro-Israel Stance."
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-6) |
by Born to the Tribe
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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Some Background on "Not in Our Name"
Not in Our Name
Not in Our Name (NION) is a United States organization founded on March 23, 2002, in order to resist the U.S. government's course in the wake of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks.
Role in the anti-war movement
In certain ways, the founding of NION parallels that of ANSWER. ANSWER was founded on the eve of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, largely by members of the Workers World Party, with which it maintains connections so strong as to be widely considered a front group. NION was founded six months later, largely by members of the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), which continues to be prominent among its leadership.
And now some background on the RCP:
The Partyβs Central Task
The Party does this through carrying out its Central Task: Create Public Opinion, Seize Power! Prepare Minds and Organize Forces for Revolution. The Party Chairman, Bob Avakian, has described this as βan all-around process and all-around struggle through which the consciousness, and also the organization and fighting capacity of the masses is raised in preparation for going over to the armed struggle to seize power when the revolutionary crisis breaks out.β |
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Logical Disconnect Does Not Represent a Credible Critique |
by Dose of Reality
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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First BTTT plies us with a meme that has appeared regularly here, that the Left is monolithic and conspiracy run by communists.
Then he offers up two pieces of reposted old news, both of which contradict his point by illustrating that the Left is actually made of a range of opinions, hardly the monolith he alleges and confabulates.
Between the red-baiting and the cognitive dissonace, BTTT's song sounds suspiciously like the same tired old tune a certain troll who regularly pops up with new pseudonymns here on UC IMC sings.
The RCP represents a tiny slice of the American Left. In the eyes of most of us, it's as irrelevant as the red-baiting that BTTT wallows in.
This thread and others on the site are a clear indication that BTTT is full of shit. And what anything he posted has to do with the Armenian genocide or its denial it completely unclear, but it does show that his intentions are to hijack yet another thread by steering it off-topic into repeating the same lame meme I've already noted has appeared repeatedly associated with trolling on this site. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-6) |
by BTTT
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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Dose,
Telling me I'm full of shit is hardly a reasoned response to a clear point: Not in Our Name is heavily populated with folks who advocate the violent overthrow of present society and, presumably, the goverment of the United States.
In that light, I think it is legitimage to ask whether one should seriously subscribe to views posted by Mr. Green.
Since you've opened the door to personal attack, I will (gently) rejoin by suggesting that your posts demonstrate a VERY slim tolerance for dissent. Makes me wonder what my rights to free expression would be under your regime.
Toughen up, son. You're waaaayyy too sensitive to dissent.
Calling me a troll doesn't change my views. I can think of all kinds of things to call you, but that wouldn't change your views either.
Labeling my perspective as old or repetitious doesn't refute anytning. You're a reactionary -- a left-wing reaction, to be sure, but a reactionary just the same. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-6) |
by BTTT
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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One more thought: anything I've posted here has at least as much to do with the Armenian genocide as anything someone might say about Israel. Again, the double standard shines brightly: virtually any wrong, now or in the past, can be connected to those evil guys in Tel Aviv. |
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Re: Denial of the Armenian Genocide (Updated, 5-6) |
by gehrig
(No verified email address) |
Current rating: 0
07 May 2005
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green: "So far, there is silence from the leaders of the local Jewish community."
So far, there is also silence from the leaders of the local Jewish community speaking out against athlete's foot. Therefore we must all inevitably and precipitately conclude that the Official Jewish Position is pro-athlete's-foot.
Shocking, shocking, I tell you, it's shocking.
@%< |
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