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News :: Agriculture : Civil & Human Rights : International Relations : Israel / Palestine : Right Wing |
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Attacks against World Court by Bush, Kerry and Congress Reveals Growing Bipartisan Hostility to International Law |
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by Stephen Zunes
(No verified email address) |
08 Aug 2004
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Despite the United States’ strong legal tradition and its key role in the development of international humanitarian law and related international legal constructs, and despite the fact that the ICJ has more often than not ruled in favor of the United States and its allies, recent decades have shown increasing hostility toward any legal constraints upon U.S. foreign policy. |
On July 9, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) determined that the Israeli government’s construction of a separation wall running through the occupied Palestinian West Bank was illegal. Among other things, the ICJ noted that the construction of the first 125 miles of the proposed 450-mile barrier “has involved the confiscation and destruction of Palestinian land and resources, the disruption of the lives of the thousands of protected civilians and the de facto annexation of large areas of territory.” The Court called on Israel to cease construction of the wall and to dismantle what has already been built in areas beyond Israel’s internationally-recognized border and to compensate Palestinians who have suffered losses as a result of the wall’s construction.
The vote was 14-1, a not-unexpected margin, given that it reflected the overwhelming consensus of international legal experts regarding the responsibilities of occupying powers. (The majority included the highly-respected conservative British jurist Rosalyn Higgins; the sole dissenter was the American judge Thomas Buergenthal.) The 57-page decision examined in detail the various arguments raised by the interested parties and based their decision upon the strictures set by the United Nations Charter, a series of UN Security Council resolutions, previous ICJ rulings, and relevant international treaties.
Despite the seemingly clear-cut nature of the ruling, however, the Bush Administration, Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, and an overwhelming bipartisan majority of Congress have all gone on record denouncing the verdict. Never before has there been such a unified negative response by America’s political leadership to a decision by the world’s highest court.
This unprecedented reaction to an ICJ ruling should neither be credited as part of a unified moral commitment to the security of Israel nor should it be blamed as yet another example of the power of the “Jewish lobby”.
This appears instead to be yet another indication of the growing bipartisan hostility to any legal restraints on the conduct of the United States and its allies beyond their borders, particularly in the Middle East. Both Republicans and Democrats have determined that any effort to raise legal questions regarding the actions of occupying powers must be forcefully challenged.
The United States and the World Court
The International Court of Justice has its origins in the Permanent International Court, established in The Hague in 1899. Since the founding of the United Nations in 1945, the ICJ – also known as the “World Court” – has functioned essentially as the judicial arm of the UN system. Designed to better enable nations to settle their disputes nonviolently based upon the rule of law, the United States has utilized the ICJ on a number of occasions over the years to advance its foreign policy interests, ranging from fishing disputes with Canada to the seizure of American hostages by Iran.
(The ICJ is a separate body from the International Criminal Court (ICC), also located in The Hague, which was established in 2002 to prosecute individuals for war crimes when national courts were unable or unwilling to do so. The United States has refused to ratify the ICC treaty, has pressured other nations to reject it as well, and has demanded special exemption from the ICC’s authority.)
Despite the United States’ strong legal tradition and its key role in the development of international humanitarian law and related international legal constructs, and despite the fact that the ICJ has more often than not ruled in favor of the United States and its allies, recent decades have shown increasing hostility toward any legal constraints upon U.S. foreign policy.
For example, in 1986, the ICJ – also in a 14-1 vote – called for the United States to cease its attacks against Nicaragua, both directly and through its proxy army of Nicaraguan exiles known as the FDN (or “Contras),” who were notorious for their attacks against civilian targets. (Again, the sole dissenter was the U.S. judge.) The Court also ruled that the United States had to pay the Nicaraguan government over $2 billion in compensation for the damage inflicted upon the country’s civilian infrastructure. The Reagan Administration refused to comply with either directive.
The Democrats’ response was not much better: the Democratic-controlled Congress, despite the verdict, voted to continue to provide military and economic aid to the Contras. (Even Massachusetts senator John Kerry, who had held hearings which uncovered the Contras’ involvement in drug trafficking, voted to send the group $20 million of additional aid following the World Court’s decision.) The Clinton Administration, just like preceding and subsequent Republican administrations, also refused to compensate Nicaragua’s debt-ridden government as ordered by the Court.
Similarly, in 1999, the World Court voted that the United States and other existing nuclear powers were legally-bound by provisions of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty – signed and ratified by the United States and all but a handful of the world’s nations – to take serious steps to eliminate their nuclear arsenals. Both the Clinton Administration and the current Bush Administration have refused to comply and Congress continues to approve administration requests for funding the development and procurement of new and dangerous nuclear weapons systems.
The Barrier and the Court Decision
The idea of a physical barrier between Israel and the new Palestinian state that would emerge from the occupied territories was originally promoted by Israeli moderates as a means of securing Israelis from attack after the withdrawal of Israeli occupation forces. What the right-wing government of Ariel Sharon has done, however, is to build most of the barrier not along Israel’s recognized border as originally proposed, but in a lengthy serpentine pattern through the occupied West Bank in order to incorporate illegal settlement blocs for Jewish colonists – along with large areas of Palestinian farmland – into Israel.
According to the Fourth Geneva Convention – which is binding upon its signatories – an occupying power is forbidden from transferring any parts of its civilian population into territories seized by military force. Furthermore, a series of UN Security Council resolutions (446, 452, 465 and 471) specifically call on Israel to withdraw from these settlements. Successive Israeli governments have refused to comply with these resolutions, however, and the United States has blocked the UN Security Council from enforcing them.
Within the next few years, depending on the final route chosen for the incomplete sections, the wall would reduce Palestinian areas of the West Bank by half. These remaining Palestinian areas would be sub-divided into a series of non-contiguous cantons, each of which would be surrounded by the barrier and land that would be unilaterally annexed to Israel. (Already, the Palestinian city of Qalqilya is surrounded on all sides by the wall.) At that point, Israel and the United States have indicated that they may then be ready to recognize what’s left of the West Bank and Gaza Strip as “an independent Palestinian state.” This “state” – which would bear a striking resemblance to the infamous Bantustans of apartheid South Africa – would consist of barely 10% of historic Palestine.
The International Court of Justice ruled, therefore, that the wall’s construction also violated the Palestinians’ right to self-determination.
Bush Administration and Senator Kerry Both Criticize World Court
The Bush Administration quickly challenged the World Court’s authority by questioning whether international law should even be applied at all to Israeli-occupied territories, with White House spokesman Scott McClellan stating that “We do not believe that it is the appropriate forum to resolve what is a political issue.”
Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry concurred, arguing that “It is not a matter for the ICJ. . . I do not believe that the ICJ should [have] even been considering this issue given that they do not have jurisdiction.”
Neither the incumbent administration nor its challenger noted, however, that the General Assembly voted to send the issue to the World Court only after the United States vetoed an otherwise-unanimous UN Security Council draft resolution last fall which declared “that the construction by Israel, the occupying power, of a wall in the Occupied Territories departing from the armistice line of 1949 as illegal under relevant provisions of international law and must be ceased and reversed.”
Nevertheless, Senator Kerry defended President Bush’s decision “to oppose the resolution in the General Assembly and to convey this opinion to the ICJ.”
The ICJ claimed jurisdiction in part because the United States had frustrated the Security Council from exercising its authority to address actions by Israel which it deemed constituted a “threat to international peace and security.” The court reasserted the authority of the General Assembly to seek such an advisory opinion because of such abuse by the United States of its veto power. Over the past 35 years, the United States has used its veto 79 times, almost half of them to block resolutions critical of Israeli violations of international law.
U.S. ambassador to the United Nations John Danforth argued that addressing such legal issues as the wall “points away from a political solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict” since “The claims of each side must be accommodated,” reiterating the Bush Administration’s longstanding insistence that the occupier’s claims have as much legitimacy as those under occupation. (By contrast, as a U.S. senator in 1990 during Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait, Danforth argued just the opposite: that to address Iraqi claims would be rewarding aggression and that international law should be strictly enforced “by all necessary means.”)
Kerry echoed the Bush Administration’s statement, stating that he was “deeply disappointed” by the World Court’s ruling, claiming that “Israel’s fence is a legitimate response to terror that only exists in response to the wave of terror attacks against Israel. The fence is an important tool in Israel’s fight against terrorism.”
At least President George W. Bush was able to say, “I think the wall is a problem. It is very difficult to develop confidence between the Palestinians and the Israelis with a wall snaking through the West Bank.”
Kerry, however, placed himself even further to the right than the Bush Administration by joining 78 senators – including his running mate Senator John Edwards of North Carolina – in signing a strongly-worded letter to Kofi Annan which criticized the UN Secretary General for backing the UN General Assembly’s decision to ask the ICJ to consider the legal questions involved. In the letter, Kerry, Edwards and their Senate colleagues declared that the wall was a justifiable and necessary defensive measure by Israel and any such questioning of the Israeli policy brought into doubt the chief UN official’s opposition to terrorism.
The Congressional Reaction
On July 15, the House of Representatives – by an overwhelming 361-45 majority – voted to deplore the World Court’s decision. In underscoring the bipartisan nature of support on Capitol Hill for the Bush administration’s challenges to the United Nations system, a large majority of Congressional Democrats joined their Republican colleagues in commending President Bush for “his leadership in marshalling opposition to the misuse of the ICJ…”
On July 20, an even stronger Senate resolution was introduced by Republican Senator Gordon Smith of Oregon “Supporting the construction by Israel of a security fence to prevent Palestinian terrorist attacks, condemning the decision of the international Court of Justice on the legality of the security fence, and urging no further action by the United Nations to delay or prevent the construction of the security fence.” This bipartisan Senate resolution, effectively endorsing Israel’s colonization drive in the occupied territories, quickly collected 34 cosponsors, including Republicans Trent Lott of Mississippi, Orrin Hatch of Utah, Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania, and George Voinovich of Ohio as well as Democrats Hilary Rodham Clinton of New York, Evan Bayh of Indiana, Patty Murray of Washington, Barbara Boxer of California, and Ron Wyden of Oregon.
One of the leading co-sponsors of the House resolution was California Congressman Tom Lantos, the ranking Democrat on the House International Relations Committee, who called the ruling “a perversion of justice.” (As an indicator of the cynical view with which members of Congress treat human rights issues, Lantos has been repeatedly elected as chair of the House of Representative’s “Human Rights Caucus.”)
Congressional opposition to the World Court decision centered on a number of dubious assertions:
Claims that the Ruling Interferes with Israel’s Right to Self-Defense:
In its ruling, the Court acknowledged the tragic reality that “Israel has to face numerous indiscriminate and deadly acts of violence against its civilian population” and that the Jewish state “has the right, indeed the duty, to respond in order to protect the lives of its citizens.” The Court recognized, however, that such security measures “are bound nonetheless to remain in conformity with applicable international law.”
In other words, Israel – like any country – has the right to build a wall, a fence, a moat, or anything else along its borders to protect itself. The Court even recognized a number of UN resolutions specifically reiterating Israel’s right to defend those borders. The basis of the court’s ruling against the Israeli policy was that the jurists were “not convinced that the specific course Israel has chosen for the wall was necessary to attain its security objectives.”
In other words, the Court simply confirmed the widespread assumption in Israel and elsewhere that the course of the wall was being built for political reasons rather than security reasons and was therefore illegal.
The proposed Senate resolution cites the successful precedent of a security fence “in Gaza [which] has proved effective at reducing the number of terrorist attacks,” ignoring the fact that this barrier – unlike the wall in the West Bank – is built along the recognized border between Israel and the Gaza Strip, and therefore would not be illegal according to the World Court ruling.
Despite this important distinction between a government’s legal right to build a protective barrier along its border for self-defense and the construction of a barrier within the occupied territory of another nation in a manner which effectively expands the boundaries of the occupying power, the bipartisan House resolution nevertheless called the Court’s decision an “attempt to infringe upon Israel’s right to self-defense.”
Typical of remarks by leading House Democrats, New York Congressman Eliot Engel, a senior member of the House International Relations Committee Subcommittee on the Middle East, falsely claimed that the ruling totally ignored Israel’s right to defend its citizens. Similarly, Nevada Democrat Shelley Berkley claimed that the advisory opinion was done “solely for the narrow purpose of condemning the State of Israel for its effort to protect its innocent citizens from suicide bombers.”
Democratic Senator Hilary Rodham Clinton declared that “It makes no sense for the United Nations to vehemently oppose a fence which is a non-violent response to terrorism rather than opposing terrorism itself.”
Indiana Republican Mark Souder went further, claiming that “the ruling declares that Israel has no right whatsoever to defend itself, protect its people, or to live at peace” and that “The International Court of Justice has ruled that they would prefer a Middle East without Israel. They would rather see a democratic state . . . disappear from the face of the Earth.”
Many Israelis, however, argue that constructing the wall inside occupied territory actually threatens Israel’s security. For example, a number of prominent military and security officers have spoken out against Sharon’s policy, forming groups like the Council for Peace and Security to challenge the barrier’s route, which is projected to be at least three and a half times longer than Israel’s internationally-recognized border with the West Bank. Avraham Shalom, former head of Israel’s security service Shin Bet, said that the wall “creates hatred, it expropriates land and annexes hundred of thousands of Palestinians to the state of Israel. The result is that the fence achieves the exact opposite of what was intended.”
Similarly, as Israeli Supreme Court chief justice Aharon Barak wrote regarding a recent case brought before him, “Only a separation fence built on a base of law will grant security to the state and its citizens. Only a separation route based on the path of law will lead to the security so yearned for.”
Claims that the ICJ has an Ideological Bias against Israel:
Members of Congress of both parties have claimed that the World Court ruling was based not on well-recognized legal precedents but was instead some kind of ideological attack on the state of Israel. For example, the Senate resolution expresses the concern that “the International Court of Justice is politicized and critical of Israel.”
On the House floor, Representative Engel claimed that the International Court of Justice was demanding “one standard for Israel and one standard for everybody else” since the Court had not ruled on security fences set up by Saudi Arabia, India, and Turkey. Similarly, the Senate resolution notes that “The United States, Korea, and India have constructed security fences to separate such countries from territories or other countries for the security of their citizens.”
Such comparisons fail to note that these barriers, unlike Israel’s barrier, were placed along these countries’ internationally-recognized borders and were therefore not the subject of legal challenge.
Rather than having a bias against Israel, the Court has actually been quite consistent: In the only other two advisory opinions issued by the ICJ involving occupied territories (South African-occupied Namibia in 1972 and Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara in 1975), the Court also decided against the occupying powers.
Discrediting the Human Rights Implications:
In a recent report, Amnesty International noted that “This fence/wall is having devastating economic and social consequences on the daily lives of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, separating families and communities from each other and from their land and water – their most crucial assets.” Reports from the World Bank, the United Nations, the Red Cross, and local human rights groups have documented in detail the barrier’s harmful impact on local populations, such as separating farmers from their fields, children from their schools, workers from their jobs, patients from medical care, and families from each other.
Last fall, Human Rights Watch unsuccessfully lobbied President Bush to deduct the costs of the wall’s construction inside occupied territories from the recently-approved $9 billion loan guarantee to Israel, observing that where the barrier’s route moves into the West Bank, it “is having a profound impact on the ability of the Palestinian residents to exercise fundamental human rights.”
In an effort to discredit such reputable human rights groups, however, the Senate resolution contests such assertions that the chosen route of the wall has a negative impact on the civilian population under Israeli occupation, declaring that “the Government of Israel takes into account the need to minimize the confiscation of Palestinian land and the imposition of hardship on the Palestinian people.”
The ICJ, however, confirmed the findings of the human rights groups, determining that Israel was indeed violating the Geneva Conventions’ proscription against occupying powers unnecessarily interfering with the subjected population’s rights to property, access to education and health care, and normal economic activity.
The Senate resolution also claims that the barrier is a “proportional response to the campaign of terrorism by Palestinian militants.” This contrasts, ironically, with a recent decision of the Israeli Supreme Court which ordered the Israeli government to re-route a section of the wall which cut through the middle of some Palestinian towns because the “relationship between the injury to the local inhabitants and the security benefit from the contraction of the Separation Fence along the route, as determined by the military officer, is not proportionate.”
Denying that the West Bank is Occupied Territory:
Questions regarding the legality of Israel’s practices in the West Bank fall under United Nations jurisdiction because the West Bank – seized by the Israeli military in the 1967 war – constitutes occupied territory, which falls under certain international legal conventions that do not apply to domestic matters. Therefore, with some notable exceptions, the reason that various organs of the UN have been more critical of Israel for its violations of international humanitarian law than they have been regarding comparable human rights abuses by autocratic Arab regimes is less a matter of a bias against Israel per se as the fact that Israel is an occupying power while neighboring Arab regimes are not.
The only way, therefore, to claim – as Senator Kerry and others have – that the UN does not have jurisdiction, is to deny that the Israeli occupation is an occupation.
Indeed, if passed, the Senate resolution against the World Court decision will be the first time either house of Congress has passed a resolution which refers to the West Bank not as occupied territories but as “disputed” territories. This distinction is important for two reasons: the word “disputed” implies that the claims of the West Bank’s Israeli conquerors are equally legitimate to the claims of Palestinians who have lived on the land for centuries; and, disputed territories – unlike occupied territories – do not fall under the Fourth Geneva Convention and many other international legal statutes.
The Senate resolution refers to the request for a legal opinion by the UN General Assembly to the ICJ as being in regard to “the security fence being constructed by Israel to prevent Palestinian terrorists from entering Israel.” In reality, the UNGA resolution said nothing regarding security measures preventing terrorists from entering Israel. Instead, the resolution refers only to the legal consequences arising from “the wall being built by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory….” (The UNGA resolution refers to the Secretary-General’s most recent report on the occupation, which reiterates the longstanding international consensus that Occupied Palestinian Territory refers only to the parts of Palestine seized by Israel in the 1967 War, not any part of Israel itself.)
Congressional leaders insist, however, that to refer to the West Bank as occupied territory is somehow blasphemous. In describing a recent trip to the West Bank, House Majority leader Tom DeLay declared, “I did not see occupied territory; I saw Israel.” Republican Senator James Inhofe of Oklahoma simply declared his conviction that Israel alone “has a right to the land . . . because God said so.” House Deputy Assistant Majority Leader Pence declared that when the World Court “described Israel as an occupying power in occupied Palestinian territory, it was most assuredly a dark day and a day of disgrace for the International Court of Justice.”
If the West Bank is seen as part of Israel and not an occupied territory, then it should simply be a matter for the Israeli courts, not the World Court. Senator Kerry, for example, has argued that any legal challenges to the route of the wall should go through the Israeli judiciary “and we should respect that process” rather than make it an issue for international forums.
However, the World Court went on record in its14-1 decision that the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is indeed occupied territory. Even Thomas Buergenthal, the American judge who cast the lone negative vote largely on procedural grounds, acknowledged that the Palestinians were indeed under occupation and had the right to self-determination, that Israel was obligated to adhere to international humanitarian law, and that he had “serious doubt” that routing a wall to protect West Bank settlements would qualify as “legitimate self-defense.”
Even the Israeli Supreme Court itself has acknowledged that Israel holds the West Bank “in belligerent occupation” and that “The law of belligerent occupation . . . imposes conditions” on the authority of the military, even in areas related to security.
Why the Anti-ICJ Reaction
It is not new for the American right-wing, in an effort to discredit the UN system, to fabricate outlandish charges against the world body, such as the popular conspiracy theory floated in the 1990s that the UN was on the verge of taking over the United States with its fleet of black helicopters in order to impose a world government. What is new is that now even the Democrats are willing to similarly fabricate claims of malfeasance by a UN body. .
As a result, it appears that Congressional Republicans, as well as Congressional Democrats, deliberately misrepresented the position of the International Court of Justice. The goal appears to be to so discredit the United Nations system in the public consciousness that Americans will no longer object to the United States or its allies violating its rulings
It still begs the question as to what has prompted this unprecedented bipartisan hostility toward the World Court?
The Desire to Maintain U.S. Control of the Israeli-Palestinian “peace process”
One explanation for the anti-ICJ reaction is that it is seen to threaten the U.S. role as the sole arbiter of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.
The White House insists that the U.S.-led peace process should be the appropriate venue to discuss the Israeli wall, stating that “this is an issue that should be resolved through the process that has been put in place.” The Bush Administration, in essence, is arguing that even the most blatant violations of the Fourth Geneva Convention by an occupying power should not be subjected to any independent legal review, but can only be addressed through the voluntary cooperation of the occupying power.
The ICJ did recognize and spoke positively of the existence of a U.S.-led Israeli-Palestinian peace process based upon the “road map,” but the Court emphasized that any peace agreement had to be made “On the Basis of International Law.”
So far, however, this does not appear to be the case. For example, over a decade of the U.S.-brokered peace process, the Palestinians have seen the number of settlers in the West Bank more than double, making them understandably skeptical as to whether their rights under international law to not be subjected to such colonization efforts will ever be addressed.
The expansion of these illegal settlements and the special highways (reserved for Jews only) connecting them has resulted in the confiscation of large tracts of Palestinian property, dividing the West Bank into a patchwork arrangement which surrounds Palestinian population centers. The security barrier being built by the Israelis in the occupied West Bank is designed in such a way that it incorporates most of these settlement blocs and divides Palestinian communities from one another.
And now, both President Bush and Senator Kerry have gone on record saying that Israel should not have to withdraw from the West Bank lands taken to support these illegal settlements as a result of the new “demographic realities on the ground,” namely the construction of these illegal settlements. In June, the House of Representatives passed a resolution defending Sharon’s refusal to withdraw from most of the occupied territories using a similar rationale; there were only nine dissenting votes in the 435-member body. The Democratic Party platform, approved by an overwhelming majority in July at the convention in Boston, contains similar language.
The anti-ICJ House resolution warns countries not to try to encourage the application of international law in arenas the United States sees as under its purview. Indeed, the resolution “cautions members of the international community that they risk a strongly negative impact on their relationship with the people and Government of the United States should they use the ICJ’s advisory judgment as an excuse to interfere” with the U.S.-managed peace process.
Similarly, the Senate resolution insists that on matters such as the legality of the barrier, the Oslo Accords – signed between Israel, the Palestinians, and the United States in 1993 – determines that “all disputes between the parties be settled by direct negotiations or agreed-upon methods.” Taking this issue to the World Court, according to the Senate resolution, violates the Oslo Accords requirement that none of the parties take any unilateral initiatives which would prejudice the outcome of the peace process.
The Senate resolution fails to note, however, that successive Israeli governments – with U.S. backing – have repeatedly prejudiced the outcome of the peace process through their ongoing construction of illegal settlements in the occupied territories and other unilateral initiatives. Furthermore, the Sharon government has long declared that it no longer feels bound by any of the provisions of the Oslo Accords.
Furthermore, Israel – again, with U.S. support – has refused to return to the negotiating table to meet with the Palestinians on such substantive issues for nearly three and a half years. Indeed, construction of the wall began after Israel broke off negotiations, so the Palestinians have not even had a chance to negotiate about it. In addition, most of the settlements that the wall is built to separate from the local Palestinian population have been established since the start of the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations resulting from the 1993 Oslo Accords.
What is upsetting to Bush, Kerry and Congress is that the ICJ ruled that all nations “are under an obligation not to recognize the illegal situation arising from the construction of the wall, and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation.” This, however, would prevent the United States from recognizing Israel’s planned annexation of West Bank lands and could even threaten U.S. financial and military support for the occupation.
The Palestinians recognize that they have very little leverage over Israel, which expelled most of their population from their homeland more than fifty years ago, occupies most of what remains of their country, has placed their towns and cities under siege, and launches periodic air strikes and armed incursions into populated Palestinian areas at will. This power imbalance is exacerbated further by the fact that the occupying authorities continue to receive unconditional large-scale military, economic, and diplomatic support from the world’s sole remaining superpower.
In desperation, frustration and anger, some Palestinians have responded by launching terrorist attacks against Israeli civilians, a course of action which is both morally reprehensible and politically counter-productive.
Other Palestinians, however, argued that their cause could be advanced more successfully by taking a legal and nonviolent route, such as making their case to the International Court of Justice.
Now, however, this internationally-backed Palestinian effort to advance their struggle for self-determination nonviolently through the rule of law has been met by an overwhelmingly negative bipartisan reaction from the United States, which controls the Israeli-Palestinian “peace process.” As a result, the appeal of Palestinian extremists advocating violence is likely to grow.
Challenging the Threat of International Law
More significantly, the attacks on the integrity of the World Court ruling by the Bush Administration, its Democratic challengers, and an overwhelming bipartisan majority of Congress, appears to be part of an ongoing effort – exemplified in the overwhelming bipartisan vote in support of the illegal U.S. invasion of Iraq – to undermine and discredit the United Nations system. International law and intergovernmental organizations are seen by both Republicans and Democrats as interfering with the prerogatives of the U.S. government and its allies in strategically-important areas like the Middle East. Given the overwhelming military dominance of the United States globally (and allies such as Israel regionally), international legal institutions are among the few things that can potentially get in the way of freely exerting American power.
Israeli professor and human rights leader Jeff Halper, while celebrating the World Court verdict, expressed his concerns that “the implications of delegitimizing the ICJ, human rights and international law has fundamental implications for other struggles as well.”
As a result, the bipartisan attacks against the ICJ should not be seen simply as a result of “pro-Israel” sentiment – particularly in light of the long term detrimental impact on Israel’s security should Israel continue its current policies – but part of a broader effort to undermine international law in order to give the United States freer reign in pursuing its policy objectives overseas.
For example, Democratic Congressman Gene Green of Texas claimed the ICJ ruling “sets dangerous precedents in international law that hinder and impede United States antiterrorism efforts.” In reality, the ruling has no bearing on legitimate anti-terrorism efforts, the ruling indeed may have implications regarding the legality of certain U.S. actions committed in the name of anti-terrorism. (For example, a nearly unanimous Congressional vote last year declared that the U.S. invasion of Iraq was a legitimate part of the ongoing “war on terrorism.”)
More significant is that the court made a definitive ruling that states which are members of binding treaties, conventions and charters – such as the United Nations and the Fourth Geneva Convention – are obliged to ensure that other member states live up to their legal obligations under these agreements. Specifically, the Court insisted that every country that is party to the Fourth Geneva Convention must “ensure compliance by Israel with international humanitarian law as embodied in that Convention.”
This is what the Bush Administration, the Democratic presidential and vice-presidential nominees, and an overwhelming bipartisan majority in Congress are so upset about: any such strict and uniform application of international law would interfere with U.S. policy objectives in the region which rely heavily on the use of military force, including conquest and occupation. This why any attempt to enforce international humanitarian law must be met by slander, condemnation and other attacks against the very credibility of the international organizations which inconveniently suggest that the United States and its allies are not somehow exempt from such legal obligations.
In its ruling, the ICJ also determined that “the United Nations, and especially the General Assembly and the Security Council, should consider what further action is required to bring to an end the illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall.”
Not surprisingly, then, President Bush has promised to veto any UN Security Council resolution based upon the World Court’s ruling. The United States was also one of just six countries in the 191-member General Assembly to vote against a resolution upholding the ICJ decision.
Indeed, the Senate resolution specifically urges the administration “to vote against any further United Nations action that could delay or prevent the construction of the security fence and to engage in a diplomatic campaign to persuade other countries to do the same.” Should the Senate resolution pass, it will effectively put the United States on record that, notwithstanding the nearly-unanimous World Court decision to the contrary, parties to international agreements are not bound to abide by or enforce their provisions.
Given that the World Court called on the United States and other signatories to “ensure compliance by Israel with international humanitarian law,” the refusal of the United States government, which – as Israel’s primary military, economic and diplomatic supporter – is in the best position to do so, places the United States in violation of the World Court as well.
However, just as the Bush Administration – backed by Senator Kerry and both houses of Congress – chose to ignore the UN Charter by invading Iraq, it appears that the Bush Administration, Senator Kerry, and Congress are also quite willing to ignore the world’s highest court as well.
In essence, this wholesale bipartisan rejection of international law stems from the way in which U.S. backing of the expansionist agenda of the Israeli right has merged – under the banner of the “war on terrorism” – with the growing militarization of U.S. Middle East policy, such as the invasion and occupation of Iraq. For the Bush administration, with strong backing from both parties in Congress, is now engaging in what the Israeli newspaper Haaretz has referred to as the “Sharonization of U.S. Policy.”
For even if the U.S. government did decide to take a principled and law-based policy toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, how could Bush or Kerry criticize Israel for its occupation while maintaining the U.S. occupation of Iraq? How could Bush or Kerry criticize the widespread Israeli maltreatment of Palestinian prisoners when our abuses against Iraqis have been even worse? How could Bush or Kerry criticize the killing of Palestinian civilians by its occupation forces while American occupation forces have exacted an even higher death toll among Iraqi civilians? How could Bush or Kerry criticize Israel’s violations of international law in the face of the manifold violations committed by the United States in its invasion and occupation of Iraq?
In conclusion, these attacks against the World Court by both the Republicans and Democrats are not simply an endorsement of the dangerous and illegal policies of a right-wing ally. They are, in effect, a declaration of empire, a brazen assertion that the United States and its allies are somehow exempt from longstanding and respected international legal institutions.
The Palestinians, then, will certainly not be the only ones who will suffer as a result.
Stephen Zunes is a professor of Politics at the University of San Francisco and author of Tinderbox: U.S. Middle East Policy and the Roots of Terrorism (Common Courage Press, 2003). |
Copyright by the author. All rights reserved. |
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